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The Łódź Ghetto ((ドイツ語:Ghetto Litzmannstadt)) was a World War II ghetto established for Polish Jews including Roma following the 1939 invasion of Poland. It was the second-largest ghetto in all of German-occupied Europe after the Warsaw Ghetto.〔 Situated in the city of Łódź, and originally intended as a preliminary step upon a more extensive plan of creating the ''Judenfrei'' province of Warthegau,〔Horwitz 2009, p. 27. ''Plan hammered out by Friedrich Uebelhoer.''〕 the ghetto was transformed into a major industrial centre, manufacturing much needed war supplies for Nazi Germany and especially for the German Army.〔 The number of people incarcerated in it was augmented further by the Jews deported from the Reich territories.〔 Because of its remarkable productivity, the ghetto managed to survive until August 1944. In the first two years, it absorbed almost 20,000 Jews from liquidated ghettos in nearby Polish towns and villages,〔 as well as 20,000 more from the rest of German-occupied Europe.〔 After the wave of deportations to Chełmno death camp beginning in early 1942,〔 and in spite of a stark reversal of fortune, the Germans persisted in eradicating the ghetto: they transported the remaining population to Auschwitz and Chełmno extermination camps, where most died upon arrival. It was the last ghetto in occupied Poland to be liquidated.〔The statistical data, compiled on the basis of ( "Glossary of 2,077 Jewish towns in Poland" ) by ''Virtual Shtetl,'' Museum of the History of the Polish Jews, as well as ( "Getta Żydowskie" by Gedeon ) and ("Ghetto List" by Michael Peters ) . Accessed March 25, 2015.〕 A total of 204,000 Jews passed through it; but only 800 remained hidden when the Soviets arrived. About 10,000 Jewish residents of Łódź, who used to live there before the invasion of Poland, survived the Holocaust elsewhere.〔 ==Establishment of the ghetto== When German forces occupied Łódź on 8 September 1939, the city had a population of 672,000 people. Over 230,000 of them were Jewish,〔 or 31.1% according to statistics.〔Mariusz Kulesza, ( Struktura narodowościowa i wyznaniowa ludności Łodzi ) PDF file, direct download.〕 Nazi Germany annexed Łódź directly to the new ''Warthegau'' region and renamed the city Litzmannstadt in honour of a German general, Karl Litzmann, who had led German forces in the area in 1914. The Nazi German authorities intended to "purify" the city. All Polish Jews were to be expelled to the ''Generalgouvernement'' eventually, while the non-Jewish population of Polish people reduced significantly, and transformed into a slave labour force for Germany. The first known record of an order for the establishment of the ghetto, dated 10 December 1939,〔 of the establishment of Łódź Ghetto by Nazi occupants.〕 came from the new Nazi governor Friedrich Übelhör,〔 who called on for the cooperation of major policing bodies in the confinement and mass transfer of the local Jews.〔 By 1 October 1940, the relocation of the ghetto inmates was to have been completed, and the city's downtown core declared ''Judenrein'' (cleansed of its Jewish presence). The new German owners pressed for the ghetto size to be shrunk beyond all sense in order to have their factories registered outside of it. Łódź was a multicultural mosaic before the war began, with about 8.8% ethnic German residents on top of Austrian, Czech, French, Russian and Swiss business families adding to its bustling economy.〔 The securing of the ghetto system was preceded by a series of anti-Jewish measures as well as anti-Polish measures meant to inflict terror. The Jews were forced to wear yellow badge. Their businesses were expropriated by the Gestapo.〔 After the invasion of Poland, many Jews, particularly the intellectual and political elite, had fled the advancing German army into the Soviet-occupied eastern Poland and to the area of future ''General Government'' in the hope of the Polish counter-attack which never came. On 8 February 1940, the Germans ordered the Jewish residence to be limited to specific streets in the Old City and the adjacent Bałuty quarter, the areas that would become the ghetto. To expedite the relocation, the Orpo Police launched an assault known as "Bloody Thursday" in which 350 Jews were fatally shot in their homes, and outside, on 57 March 1940.〔Horwitz 2009, page 49.〕 Over the next two months, wooden and wire fences were erected around the area to cut it off from the rest of the city. Jews were formally sealed within the ghetto walls on 1 May 1940.〔 As nearly 25 percent of the Jews had fled the city by the time the ghetto was set up, its prisoner population as of 1 May 1940 was 164,000.〔Horwitz 2009, page 62.〕 Over the coming year, Jews from German-occupied Europe as far away as Luxembourg were deported to the ghetto on their way to the extermination camps.〔 A small Romany population was also resettled there (''see:'' Porajmos).〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Łódź Ghetto」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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